食用菌多糖的提?。盒屡d技術及最新進展

食用菌多糖作為天然活性成分，近年來在食品、醫(yī)藥等領域備受關注。其獨特的抗氧化、抗腫瘤及免疫調節(jié)等活性，推動了多糖提取技術的快速發(fā)展。從傳統(tǒng)熱水浸提到新興的超聲波、微波協(xié)同技術，科學家們不斷探索高效、環(huán)保的提取方法，力求在產量與生物活性之間找到平衡點[1]。一篇由東海大學張嘉修研究團隊發(fā)表在 Carbohydrate Polymers上題為“Extraction of polysaccharides from edible mushrooms: Emerging technologies and recent advances”的綜述為大家介紹了食用菌多糖提取的新興技術和最新進展。

01. 熱水提取 hot water extraction，HWE

熱水提取（HWE），是最常用的食用菌多糖提取技術，具有成本低、設備要求簡單的明顯優(yōu)勢。但高溫長時間處理易導致多糖降解與蛋白質變性，且能耗較高。例如，灰樹花（Grifola frondosa）在121℃下提取120分鐘，多糖得率僅3.35%，且分子量因熱降解顯著下降至561kDa[2]。酸/堿提取（acid- or alkaline-extraction, AE）通過破壞細胞壁連接結構，可提高不溶性多糖的得率，但強化學條件可能改變多糖構象，如平菇（Pleurotus ostreatus）經NaOH處理后，其β-葡聚糖雖得率提升，但分子量降低至30 kDa[3]。

02. 超聲波輔助提取 ultrasonic-assisted extraction, UAE

超聲波輔助提取（UAE）利用空化效應破碎細胞壁，顯著縮短提取時間。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，靈芝（Ganoderma lucidum）在600W超聲處理60分鐘后，β-葡聚糖含量較傳統(tǒng)方法提升77%，多糖純度達50.2% [4]。然而，UAE可能導致分子鏈斷裂，如亞側耳（Hohenbuehelia serotina）經480W處理后的多糖分子量降至1.14 kDa[5]。微波輔助提取（microwave-assisted extraction, MAE）通過極性分子高頻振動產熱，實現(xiàn)快速穿透。香菇（Lentinula edodes）在850W微波下處理30分鐘，得率達15.4%，且抗氧化活性優(yōu)于傳統(tǒng)方法[6]。值得注意的是，MAE與超聲協(xié)同（ultrasonic-microwave synergistic extraction, UMSE）可結合兩者優(yōu)勢，如東方栓菌（Trametes orientalis）經協(xié)同處理后多糖得率提升至7.52%，抗腫瘤活性顯著增強[7]。

03. 酶輔助提取 enzyme-assisted extraction, EAE

酶輔助提取（EAE）以纖維素酶、果膠酶定向降解細胞壁基質，條件溫和且特異性強。蒙古口蘑（Tricholoma mongolicum）經2%纖維素酶處理127分鐘，多糖純度達80.1%，對DPPH自由基清除率較超聲提取提高7%[8]。但酶成本較高，且活性易受溫度、pH影響，限制其工業(yè)化應用。亞臨界水提?。╯ubcritical water extraction, SWE）利用高溫高壓改變水介電常數(shù)，可同時實現(xiàn)提取與分級。杏鮑菇（Pleurotus eryngii）在210℃下處理，葡聚糖含量達73%，但溫度超過130℃會導致多糖鏈斷裂[9]。脈沖電場（pulsed electric field, PEF）通過電穿孔增強膜透性，羊肚菌（Morchella esculenta）在19kV/cm場強下提取的多糖得率較傳統(tǒng)方法提升40%，且分子量分布更均勻[10]。

04. 雙水相提取 aqueous two-phase extraction, ATPE

雙水相提取（ATPE）憑借溶劑-鹽體系的分相特性實現(xiàn)高效純化。白樺茸（Inonotus obliquus）經硫酸銨/叔丁醇體系處理，多糖純化因子達5.7倍[11]。集成技術如EAE-UAE聯(lián)用可突破單一方法局限，蜜環(huán)菌（Armillaria mellea）經復合酶預處理后超聲提取，多糖得率提升至40.56%，抗氧化活性顯著增強[12]。此外，納米均質、真空提取等創(chuàng)新技術為多糖提取開辟新途徑，如靈芝（G. lucidum）經納米碳化鎢輔助提取，β-葡聚糖純度達70.2%，粒徑分布更均一[13]。

技術選擇需兼顧目標多糖特性與產業(yè)化需求。分子量大的多糖更適合作免疫調節(jié)劑，而低分子量片段則利于跨膜吸收[14]。未來研究應關注技術聯(lián)用機制、規(guī)?；Ｐ蜆嫿吧芷谠u估，推動食用菌多糖從實驗室邁向工業(yè)化生產。通過持續(xù)優(yōu)化提取工藝，這些源自食用菌的“生命之糖”將在人類健康領域譜寫更輝煌的樂章。

參考文獻：

[1] Leong, Y.-K., Yang, F.-C., Chang, J.-S. (2021). Extraction of polysaccharides from edible mushrooms: Emerging technologies and recent advances. Carbohydr Polym, 251, 117006.

[2] Su, C.-H., Lai, M.-N., & Ng, L.-T. (2017). Effects of different extraction temperatures on the physicochemical properties of bioactive polysaccharides from Grifola frondosa. Food

Chemistry, 220, 400–405.

[3] Palacios, I., García-Lafuente, A., Guillamon, ′ E., & Villares, A. (2012). Novel isolation of water-soluble polysaccharides from the fruiting bodies of Pleurotus ostreatus mushrooms.

Carbohydrate Research, 358, 72–77.

[4] Alzorqi, I., Sudheer, S., Lu, T.-J., & Manickam, S. (2017). Ultrasonically extracted β-dglucan from artificially cultivated mushroom, characteristic properties and antioxidant activity.

Ultrasonics Sonochemistry, 35, 531–540.

[5] Li, X., & Wang, L. (2016). Effect of extraction method on structure and antioxidant activity of Hohenbuehelia serotina polysaccharides. International Journal of Biological

Macromolecules, 83, 270–276.

[6] Akram, K., Shahbaz, H. M., Kim, G. R., Farooq, U., & Kwon, J. H. (2017). Improved extraction and quality characterization of water-soluble polysaccharide from gamma-irradiated

Lentinus edodes. J Food Sci, 82(2), 296–303.

[7] Zheng, Y., Cui, J., Chen, A.-H., Zong, Z.-M., & Wei, X.-Y. (2019). Optimization of ultrasonic-microwave assisted extraction and hepatoprotective activities of polysaccharides

from Trametes orientalis. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland), 24(1), 147.

[8] Zhao, Y. M., Song, J. H., Wang, J., Yang, J. M., Wang, Z. B., & Liu, Y. H. (2016). Optimization of cellulase-assisted extraction process and antioxidant activities of polysaccharides

from Tricholoma mongolicum Imai. J Sci Food Agric, 96(13), 4484–4491.

[9] Rodríguez-Seoane, P., Díaz-Reinoso, B., Gonzalez-Mu ′ noz, ? M. J., Fernandez ′ de Ana Portela, C., & Domínguez, H. (2019). Innovative technologies for the extraction of

saccharidic and phenolic fractions from Pleurotus eryngii. LWT, 101, 774–782.

[10] Liu, C., Sun, Y., Mao, Q., Guo, X., Li, P., Liu, Y., et al. (2016). Characteristics and antitumor activity of Morchella esculenta polysaccharide extracted by pulsed electric field.

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 17(6), 986.

[11] Liu, Z., Yu, D., Li, L., Liu, X., Zhang, H., Sun, W., et al. (2019). Three-phase partitioning for the extraction and purification of polysaccharides from the immunomodulatory medicinal

mushroom Inonotus obliquus. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland), 24(3).

[12] Yu, G., Yue, C., Zang, X., Chen, C., Dong, L., & Liu, Y. (2019). Purification, characterization and in vitro bile salt-binding capacity of polysaccharides from Armillaria mellea mushroom.

Czech Journal of Food Sciences, 37(1), 51–56.

[13] Park, H. G., Shim, Y. Y., Choi, S. O., & Park, W. M. (2009). New method development for nanoparticle extraction of water-soluble beta-(1–&3)-D-glucan from edible mushrooms,

Sparassis crispa and Phellinus linteus. J Agric Food Chem, 57(6), 2147–2154.

[14] Zhang, J., Wen, C., Gu, J., Ji, C., Duan, Y., & Zhang, H. (2019). Effects of subcritical water extraction microenvironment on the structure and biological activities of polysaccharides

from Lentinus edodes. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 123, 1002–1011.